This European Commission study to be implemented by AETS is designed to provide an in-depth review of the evidence on extreme poverty and associated inequalities, and on what reduces them, in order to inform the EU’s reflections on implementing the post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals. The European Commission’s concern in commissioning this work is that the geographies and character of extreme poverty and deprivation may be changing radically, and that therefore adjustments to the EU’s development policies and instruments may be needed in years to come.